INDUSTRIAL Machines TOOLS

Since the Industrial Revolution, the productivity of the manufacturing industry has been tangible with the advancement and expansion of industrial machinery and machine tools. The impact of the development and expansion of industrial machinery in this situation was both direct and indirect. In this regard, factors such as increasing the productivity of work through machines are faster, more precise and, of course, more mechanized machines, and hence the use and productivity of capital above the profitability, the reliability is much higher and the rate The more sophisticated growth of productivity has been attributed to factors that directly and significantly affect the rise in productivity in the industry. Indeed, the unveiling of new and improved tools and their impact on organizational changes that cause changes in work, capital, raw materials and energy, can have direct effects on the growth of industrial productivity.

Making new devices and using newer methods of production, and even manufacturing new products, and hence cutting costs to enter new and more emerging markets, makes it difficult to easily measure these effects over the years and with the fields Applied differently.

Typically, machines that are used to cut, form and shape metals are defined as industrial machines or machine tools. These machine tools are used for produced over half of the metal-working industries in developed industrial countries.

What is certain from the time of the Industrial Revolution to increasing productivity in the manufacturing industry has been directly linked to the progress of machinery and machine    tools and the impact that has had on these effects, both direct and non- direct. This direct impact on productivity increases can be explained by a simple look at machines that are faster, more precisely, more mechanized machines, which make it more productive than capital by obtaining higher interest rates, higher reliability and productivity has improved.

The indirect effects of increased productivity can also be seen in the unveiling of new and improved tools and organizational changes that have improved efficiency, optimized utilization of capital, better raw materials, and lower energy consumption.

As explained, the magnitude of the effects with different application fields varied considerably over the years after the industrial revolution. In these years, the manufacturing methods have undergone a lot of changes, new products have entered the market, and in order to acquire new markets and customers, the cost has undergone changes that have often been reduced.

In the same years, the direct and indirect effects of machine tools growth on productivity have also changed. But what has become more perceptible in recent years has been to overcome the undirected effect on productivity through organizational change.

For two main reasons, attention is drawn to the historical approach to the industrial revolution and its impact on industrial machinery and the development of their industrial products and products.

First, without this historical context, understanding the changes that are currently taking place in industrial production in organizations is the result of revolutionary changes in manufacturing organizations, and secondly, at a conference held in honor of Joseph A. Schumpeter, the importance to take such a long view of this long perspective We identified the fundamental role of innovation seems imperative:

We must keep in mind that what we are looking for is the recognition of economic change in history, and that we only want to say that our ultimate goal is only an historical aspect, is exaggerated, our goal is not only to identify crises, cycles or waves, It is looking for economic processes in all aspects and conditions, as well as the ways and theory merely supplies some tools and schemata that have created these changes, and, as a rule, in such a study and cognition, statistics will also be part of these studies.

In this regard, only a precise understanding of history and historical knowledge can accurately and precisely answer questions related to the causes and mechanisms of the individual, it is natural that without these study of time series and historical studies our research will remain unconstrained and analyzed.

It will not be logical, without having such an approach to the events and dates of the same, and even the historical events of the past or even half a century, they cannot adequately understand the course of the recent economic evolution, and completely Enough. One fundamental fact that exists is that no historical phenomenon will essentially reveal itself unless it is studied and recorded in a very long period of time.

For students of business cycles and economic cycles to obtain the least necessary knowledge about economic change in recent years, intensive study of these processes in the final quarter of the seventeenth century and the whole of the 18th century should be counted as a necessity.

And it is important to have a little and accurate information on the history of these economic developments in the last 250 years that will help them understand these minimums.

1. Historical Development of Machine tools

1.1       177 5-1850:    The basic machine tools was developed and expanded

In the second half of the eighteenth century, and from the time of the Industrial Revolution, machine tools in England became an integral part of industrial growth and synergy with them. Although it should not be denied that, before the Industrial Revolution, some of the machine tools used in this period existed long ago, but the machines used by us today before the Industrial Revolution also existed, from that time on, they began to grow and develop to the present day, and the role of the industrial revolution in their development has been full of colors.

The development of these machine tools began in the years 1775 to 1830. Machine tools that existed before the Industrial Revolution were mainly made of wood, and almost all of these machine tools were made to work in softer materials and could not handle hard materials.

For the first time in the Eotton Textile Industry, it used industrial machinery to a significant extent in its products. The textile and fabric industry in the eighteenth century brought about tremendous changes with the discovery of some inventions. Even though industrial machinery was manufactured and used in the textile industry, it was mainly made of wood.

After the puddling process was invented for the production of pig iron using coke instead of charcoal in 1784, the price of iron was reduced to a level that could be used as a raw material for the industry. With the arrival of iron and steel, the industry began to use iron for production and subsequently the construction of industrial machine tools.

There are many interdependencies among the various new technologies that make up the core of the industrial revolution:

Originally in the year 1750, iron was used solely for the construction of machinery and structures in which wood and other cheap materials were used, since the former devices were first used with iron. Subsequently, in the 1830s, iron was used as the primary material used by all engineers and industry professionals to make various types of applications used not only in the industry but also for many other things.

The inventions and industrial innovations with the extraction of various types of iron caused a lot of different uses of iron. With the unveiling of the steam engine in forging, the supply of iron was much higher and heavily increasing. The use of steam engine resulted in an increase in the production and demand of cast iron, iron making techniques were changed, and new techniques were used to produce new iron products, and these products were produced with higher economic costs.

 Increasing iron demand by means of rendered and delivery of new iron was encountered by using new machines called machine tools, machines that easily cut iron and iron deliveries in shape and variety.

At first, however, it was not initially considered that the Watt’s steam engine (1775) was recognized as a victory and success, and in principle it could have failed if the precision of the new Wilkinson device was not improved. This new device has a very good rotating cylinder for more efficient operation of the steam engine. (Roe, pp. 1-2.).

Of course, it was not unique to the steam engine, and many new devices faced this problem. At the very least, industrial and machines tools were made of a much higher quality and better precision, made it possible to have more severe loads and had a much better and more efficient working speed than previous machines, which made the demand for new and improved tools much more. it is clear that in the early decades of the industrial revolution, in the early nineteenth century, a wide range of new and more advanced machines than previous generation machines were introduced and launched.

 Britain, as a cradle of the industrial revolution, had a larger share of this development, and in fact it was the only country that at that time was able to use the machine tools as much more than other countries. For example, modern cutting machines, gear cutting machines, blowers and shaping machines, including industrial machines used in the UK during this period, can be considered.

Specifically, the development of machines tools with the development of industrial machinery at the same time and in all respects, and these changes were seen mainly in the United Kingdom, but at the same time, similar changes were taking place in the United States at the same time.

However, the development of machine tools in the United States was often associated with specific industries. In the United States, machine tools were growing with the idea of ​​producing weapons. In fact, the idea first began to produce weapons with interchangeable parts.

These ideas were first created in small arms factories such as Eli Whitney and North Simon in Connecticut and later in the United States Armored Forces in Springfield, Massachusetts, Harper and Virginia.

The achievements of what we know as the American system or the achievements of the interchangeable parts manufacturing system was so extensive: the so-called factory system, which in fact was an introduction to the production of weapons or arms, the same equipment that was previously used to make textile machinery, A considerable amount of work was done for the specialized forces and the division of labor among the workers, which were much more specialized and, unlike the past, a worker could not do all the work and should focus only on one or the last two works . In fact, at that time, the company’s operations became more specialized, and each operation was split into several wise operations.

The next achievement of this American system was the unveiling of patterns or “jigs” that provided a variety of operations, such as drilling, with a much higher accuracy and much easier access even for manual operations. Moreover, the specialization of the tasks and the crushing of each operation into several single operations has made it easier to mechanically perform the operations, which provided for higher precision products and the possibility of expanding products with abundant power.

With the advent of new machines such as a milling or grinding machine, the speed of expansion and the precision of work are much higher.

Of course, it should be noted that the development and advancement of technology in mechanical tools, as well as all other issues in time and labor, also saved a lot.

There is no doubt that Eli Whitney’s main motivation for trying and building a new weapons machine and introducing it to arms manufacturing companies was that there were no skilled mechanics in the United States. (Roe, pp. 132-3).

When we look at the history of economic ups and downs, we find that in the historical economic literature on labor-savinghas been a great debate by the discovery of new inventions, much bias was made in the United Statesrelative to Britain in the early 19th century, that was much more intense. (See e.g. Habakkuk (1967) and David (1975).)

But only part of the technology’s impact can be seen as an important factor in labor-saving, since technological advent has produced a lot of economic impacts on factories.

Perhaps even more important than the issue of labor-saving, the issue of the introduction of change and dynamism in the industry, the process of work and production was greatly facilitated, and new elements were unveiled in production, and eventually even the product variety and quality improved significantly.

 An issue that can be said dare to be ignored in economic discussions. But in the industry of manufacturing interchangeable parts, issues such as labor-saving, the introduction of expertise and skill in the field of industry or skilled labor and, most importantly, seedling was recognized as a new philosophy of production, and later as a basis The success of the American industry and the position of technology leadership in the country was most evident.

 

1.2. Between 1850 and 1900, the unveiling of industrial machinery in America and US leadership on industry

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, England continued to lead in many fields of technology, such as machine tools. But the unveiling of the American system was a special privilege for the United States, which at that time placed America alongside Britain as the industrial pole of the world. In 1853, the American system, previously owned exclusively by the United States, was exported to England in the form of machines and know-how to be used to produce American-made weapons at the Enfield Arsenal in Britain.  (See Ames &.  Rosenberg.)

Subsequently, in the second half of the century, machinery faced many technological changes, gradually moving toward broadening and globalization, while these technological changes were not specific to certain industries or machine tools and came from a monopoly state. And spread to other types of industries and machine tools.

Changes in the period from 1850 to 1914 were not apparent at most of the main machine tools, and some minor adaptions and improvements occurred in these machines, and, over time, with minor changes, other capabilities and ease of operation improved and increased.

These were not general changes, and generally the main industrial devices retained the basis of their work and bask forms, and the main changes in bask forms and shapes were changes in their dimensions and sizes. Some of the unpacking machines, such as milling machines, grinding machines, milling, and grinding wheels continued with these inventions, only after their invention, limited changes were made to these devices before 1914, and their original structure Have kept.

The result of improvements in too1 steels and improved driving performance in the mechanism, these machines can be higher cutting speed, greater accuracy, more precision and less error, which was seen in all devices and industrial fields of these improvements and performance, but nevertheless, at least In Britain, the pace of this improvement was very slow and steady. (Floud, 1976, p. 31.)

 The emergence of new industries and the unveiling of modern production methods, instead of old methods and the removal of old outdated methods that require the market to require new tools and modify old tools, have created pressures in particular industrial societies to make changes in tools Got mechanical.

Meanwhile, some tool makers started to produce new or completely new tools, or an improved version of the previous model, and introduced these new tools to the field of electric power and metal technology; this was done in the late-century Generally common. Although the potential demand for the new tool has risen, and the arrival of new technologies has also helped the demand and pressure the industry, still the old methods seemed to be dominant.

In this era, there was a very important element in technology that pressured the market and industry needs, although this element showed its economic importance several decades later. Even until the end of the nineteenth century, industrial machinery that was sold still used a maze of line shafts, belt buckles and pulleys, all of which worked with a steam engine or a similar power source, and None of the machines had separate power.

The result of this kind of machine operation was that the machine tools and the gears were quite obvious, working in a dangerous way, and all the gears and drivers were operating uncontrolled. But eventually in 1892, the electric motor built and it was used as a drive for more private machine tools. For the first time, it might have been the Baldwin Locomotive Plant in Philadelphia, which in 1895 turned or converted some of their lathes  to individual drive, and it was able to eliminate overhead line shafts.

At first, it did not seem that these new tools appeared to be very effective in important industries and more powerful productions, but later it turned out that they also had to change their approach and use electronic engines for their activities. They eventually do. As a result, industry was slowly relying on electricity. In the early part of the century, almost all industries needed extensive electricity use due to the use of electronic motors.

Electricity and electronic motors had a huge impact on production techniques and even the organization of work at all levels of industry.

Nevertheless, in the two industrial spheres of the world, the United Kingdom and the United States, there was a major blow to the development of machinery and methods of production and industrial tools. In the United States, industrial development in various fields and a variety of mass production methods, with the use of more advanced industrial machinery in all sectors, was more developed than that of the United Kingdom.

Americans did not summarize development in the field of weapons only, and slowly expanded their reach into other areas such as clocks or entirely new and developed machines for sewing machines, typing machines, and so on.

In the 1880s, industrial development entered the American rails area, with a lot of focus on railroad production, mass production began first with locomotives and, subsequently, the bicycle industry.

The development methods were abundant and resulted in the mass production and interchangeability of components in all areas, which required the use of precision tools and high-speed machines to make production more urgent. (Pursell, 1967, pp. 399-400.)

Perhaps, according to many experts, the US emphasis on mass production, standardization, and the construction of special craft and machine tools has led the United States to become known as the world’s pillar of technology by the end of the century.

The main difference between the manufacturers of industrial devices and machine tools in the United Kingdom and the United States was that, despite the fact that Britain was the initiator of the manufacture of machine tools, but the manufacturers of industrial machine tools in the UK were trying to obtain the British and continental markets of Europe and dominate it, while industrial makers in the United States at the same time were thinking of producing newer tools, more modern and more developed methods for more production or mass production.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the volume of these major innovations was gradually increasing and broadening, and this led to the United States becoming the leader of the design and construction of new and advanced industrial machinery or machine tools in the world and seized this power.

Even industrial machine manufacturers in France and Germany, who had already had a lot of talk in the industry, preferred to import American machine tools that, despite the expense, were more advanced and more developed. Even in some areas, such as the production of small arms, imported British shops or American machines, or used machines with American designs for their own production.

The focus of the manufacturers of industrial machines and machine tools in the United States was on the production of machine tools that could not only be mass-produced by them, but also the parts of these devices was interchangeable. This focus has many outlets, including more automatic machines, more specialized machines, precise measurements in measuring instruments and machines with a much higher accuracy.

 All of these achievements were the result of major industrial advances in the United States, followed by classic machine tool models, adding some new capabilities, including new turret lathe, screwdrivers, gear-shaper and hobber, Milling machine and grinding machine. (Woodbury, 1967, pp. 623-4.)

1.3      Between 1900 and 1939: The automotive industry is leading the development of machine tools

In the late nineteenth century, the automotive industry surpassed the bicycle industry, and machine tool and advanced machinery came to serve the automotive industry. It can easily be claimed that no industrial activity had the same effect as the automotive industry on the development of industrial machinery and machine tools in the twentieth century.

By the arrival of the twentieth century, during the first half of the 20th century, the main factor in the development of machinery and the growth of industry was without a doubt the automotive industry. The most influential role of the automotive industry in developing the machine tool was that the customers of the machine tools industry’s tools knew well how to implement the techniques of this machine tool in other industries.

However, the auto industry itself, in order to achieve higher-quality, more robust materials and achieve more cost-effective production methods, as well as achieving higher standards in vehicle production and promoting better design for automotive designing machines More advanced and quality construction was a great deal of work and helped a lot in the development of the machine tool industry.

Therefore, one cannot ignore the role of the automotive industry in the development of machine tools and, consequently, the quality of industrial materials and techniques during this period and even then:

The automotive industry was initially confronted with many problems, and perhaps one of the main problems with the vibration and shock of the car when moving and dealing with unsteady or rough roads or when moving at speed Up and down the bumps or car collisions with obstacles in the car were created and the car designer had no choice but to find a solution to this issue. Initially, a more robust vehicle was considered, which used a much stronger and harder alloy of steel than the steel, but generally it was not successful.

Another problem was the rotation of the gears and their weaknesses, and customers constantly asked the car manufacturers to do something to make the gears stronger and even to keep them quiet as they rolled over the sound. That’s what made car designers think of ways to make gears and better machine tools for grinding gears.

On the other hand, the automotive industry was responsible for expanding the use of antifriction bearings, both in the form of a ball and roller, because it did not require flood or forced lubrication systems to accelerate. The latter was not designed to be used in smaller machines, but it soon became apparent their advantages, both for car makers and machine tool builders. (Wagoner, pp. 22-3.)

In order to meet most of these needs, many of these demands were not the only solution, but the machine tools were developed, for example, better steering gears needed better gears or ball bearings, or to The car should have a higher capacity to carry heavier and more powerful material.

But this was simply not feasible, because achieving these goals required a high level of mechanization in the assembly lines. The first fixed assembly line was launched by Ransom E. Olds in 1899. Eventually, a special machine was created for the purpose of adz, bore and trim to the end of railroad ties in 1908.

According to some experts, this device can be considered as the prototype of an automatic transmission device. But in 1913 it was created by introducing a revolutionary Henry Ford automotive assembly line in the automotive industry. With the advent of this innovation, Ford was able to prove the meaning of the time-saving by reduce the time and cost, with this assembly line, he could take his model T, which required one and a half days to assemble, to take an hour and a half of it Reduce.

It was clear that with the invention and innovation of car shops faced with supply problems. Because of this, tools with a higher performance rate and, of course, automatic feeders were needed faster and more precisely to prevent further problems in production lines.

Many efforts have been made to respond to this need, such as the invention of E.P. Bullard, as an example, invented a machine that could produce fly-wheel for 1 minutes instead 18 minute.

The automotive industry has been successful in producing efficient engines by using precision cylindrical grinder, piston rings were manufactured with a higher atomic speed and precision machine, and even multi-spindle screw machines were invented and added to the industry and Many other of these samples were made.

Another industrial invention that made it possible to save time, energy and labor was the mobile assembly line technology. This technology has managed to reduce the cost of producing a car by more than 50 percent, so that the car was ready to be delivered to the people at a cost of $ 600 became less than $ 300, which made many people find the ability to buy a car. And the price of the car is cost-effective for them, and in principle the market is more affordable for the car.

Even though World War I began in those years, the Ford T production, for example, increased threefold, and later, by 1925-26, its production increased 10 times.

However, when the United States entered a war, in 1918, there was no way to reduce the production of car for the country to create spaces for weapons and war materials, and this led to a dramatic decline in car production. In this period, the weapon industry became widespread and the production of weapons increased sharply, along with the machine tool shipments, they experienced a lot of production, and their cost increased significantly, so that from the price of 40 million dollars in 1913 their price increased to $ 200 million in 1917 and in less than four years.

In this period, car manufacturing companies focused mainly on production, which led to the development of new tools and more advanced and better manufacturing methods very slowly.

With the end of the World War I, once again, automobile production began with more power and assembly lines were expanding at high speed, and this continued with a fixed routine until the early 1920s, with no major changes in the automotive industry.

Most of the slight changes in this era were seen in the automotive industry, some of which were:

increasing production capacity, using improved methods to improve power machine tools, using methods to reduce the number of vehicle vibrations by using From the engine drive, the overall changes in appearance and design of the car, the use of individual motorization for each function of the car, the increase of the standard parts of the vehicle, the improvement of the quality of lubrication and rigidity, and the changes that were not very large changes. (American Machinist, pp. F-7-8.)

However, at the same time, we saw significant technological changes, such as the changes that took place in areas besides machine tools, especially in the field of consumer goods.

In the 1920s, some parts of the car were unleashed using new steel-fabricating techniques, in particular a continuous sheet rolling, which used these techniques and methods not only for the manufacture of the automobile itself, but also for the production of consumer goods and other products with steel plate They were also used. (Ibid., p. F-2.)

In the late 1920s, a major recession occurred, and, despite the unveiling of two very valuable new technologies, the economic impact of the two did not show at that time.

Cement carbide was one of the two technologies that was unveiled as a machine tool. First and foremost, during World War I, cement carbide technology was used as anti-tank projectiles. After that, the Krupp steel mill in Germany in 1928 and shortly thereafter, about a few months later, the Carboloy factory in the United States adopted cement carbide for use in machine tool steel mills.

Although there were problems such as the impossibility of adapting the machine to new technology or because of the depression of intervention, the use of this tool in the United States was not as successful as around 1939 and was not used with sufficient strength and strength of carbides. (Ibid., p. G-8.) Although the Germans succeeded in technology over the Americans at this time, they could use this technology in their production before World War II.

The transfer machine was the second most impressive invention that revolutionized the industry during the period between the two world wars.

Generally speaking, the transfer machines include a number of smaller machines or a number of specific workstations, each of these machines or stations designed to perform a specific type of operation such as drilling or milling. These machines are in series, each organized in a way to complement each other, work or collaborate and are designed and constructed so that a piece of work is completely automated at a workstation.

The corresponding operation is done on it and after doing the job it automatically goes to the next station and in in fact, the transfer machine made it possible for the least possible interference to carry out the most possible operations on a piece and in several different work stations. For example, a series of end-of-pipe operations are performed on a wheel or an engine block in an open operation on this transfer machine.

For the first time, the transfer machine was used in the production line of the clock in early 1888, and later it was used to produce railroads in 1908 and then in 1920 to produce car frames from these transmission lines.

In 1924, Alarger took a different approach; at the Morris automobile plant in Coventry, England, he tried to carry out the carriage of a car in a single car, instead of running in separate lines, and in fact several different operations, only in A machine tool is to be applied on a piece.

 Although he did not succeed in doing so, in 1929, Graham-Paige Motors managed to invent and use the first real transfer machine to produce high-volume engines in Detroit. The use of this system has slowly expanded until in the automotive industry in the 1930s, more and more companies are using the system, and after that the system will change with other industries such as the home appliance industry, the production of electrical components, many activities High-volume metal-working and many other production lines were used by the end of the decade.(Bright, 1967, pp.  643-;4; and American Machinist,p.  G-8.)

During the years of the Great Depression, there was a great deal of influence on the industry, with the only production in the United States of machines that reached 50,000 units per year in 1929, with a dramatic drop to 5,500 units per year in 1932.

By the end of the 1930s, when the war continued and the focus was on weapons production, machine tools continued to decline. But after this period, between 1939 and 1942, the production of machine tools grew dramatically, reaching its peak, to the point where more than 300,000 machine tools per year grew, a level of production increase until late The 1960s did not reached again.

1.4    Between 1939 and 1945, the impact of World War II

Once again, with the outbreak of World War II, industries mainly focused on the production of a machine tool of war and various weapons, and so the technology had a great impact on World War II. The only industry that fought this war was to some extent the aircraft industry, the rejection of the length of the war, the car manufacturers were forced to upgrade a large number of changes in their aircraft industry, which until then was very simple and very small and poorly organized, and the effort Make planes that can handle the large amount of warheads needed for war.

Accordingly, in November 1938, the US Undersecretary of State for War urged his Chief of Staff to provide 10,000 airplanes for the purpose of directing troops and weapons to the Air Force within two years. With the volume of aircraft produced in recent years, this demand and production of aircraft in that year can be regarded as more than 10 years of current production. (Wagoner, p. 238.)

With the reciprocation of the automotive industry, the airplane industry developed an important cross-fertilization process between two aircraft and vehicle manufacturing companies, and these two companies used the technology used in both industries, and these important technologies raised the knowledge Technical production of aircraft and vehicles simultaneously and specially in manufacture of airplanes.

 for made this volume of aircraft production needed a tremendous amount of capital, and this created special production problems of high priority, followed by the aircraft industry as the dominant industry in technological change in machine tools during the Second World War and since then, it has become a top priority industry with high tech changes in the world. The situation in this regard could be seen in the aerospace industry since the late 1950s.

Although it was during this period the most concentration and activity in the aircraft industry, and aircraft was the only industry to be expanded, nevertheless, at the same time, some other manufacturing industries were also developing, which, of course, were the scale of development and growth of these industries It was very small. One of these industries that was able to develop a little in this years was the tool industry, from 1941 to 1945, American machine tool manufacturers produced about 800,000 machine tools, of which more than 100,000 machines were exported.

The huge range of machine tools that were used until then were renovated in this era and were often built with new features and higher production capacities. In general, when the Second World War began to start, only 28% of machine tools used in the modernization and upgrade industry, although since the change was about 10 years old, but since World War II, and the need to develop a machine tool during Over 5 years, more than 62 percent of machine tools have been developed and increased capacity. (American Machinist, p. G-1.)

 Without exaggeration, it can be said that the capacity of large United States power plants and even some of the machines used in this period is the result of this period, and during this period their capacity has suddenly grown so rapidly and reached that capacity.

At the same time, many industrial production plants began to invest heavily in their industries and shifted and refined all their equipment to keep pace with new advances. However, the changes that took place in the machine tools and technologies in the 1930s continued and expanded rapidly, notably the changes that were made to cement and cement transfer tools.

What is clear is that during the Second World War and consistently with the efforts of the United States to develop advanced warfare and new equipment with new capabilities to help the wars in the industrial industry, the country witnessed the launch of the equipment The new industry was needed to spill over into production volumes, where the United States turned to this goal even beyond its borders and to invest in other countries.

Investing in the industrial sector outside of the United States has caused enormous destruction in European and Japanese age structures and created a massive rivalry for the US industry in their products, followed by the United States using US dollar sanctions.

In 1950, some of these countries were deprived of economic growth in line with other countries. Since then, the slowness of investment, and, of course, the relative decline of various sectors of the American industry, can be clearly seen.

1.5     Between 1945 and 1982, Detroit Automation and Numerical Control

After the end of the Second World War, the industries returned to their predecessors and turned to civilian production, and all products and tools used during the Second World War were applied to civilian products. At the same time, the presence of newer materials, the need for higher speeds, and more robustness in the machine, caused a lot of demands on the tools used, and applicants wanted more power in the machine tools.

The average horsepower power of the machine tool was only 11.9 in 1938, reaching 23.4 by 1948, after which the horsepower reached 50 horsepower by 1958. This shows that the horsepower of the machine tool has doubled every 10 years.

Another major development that was created in the machine tool and industrial production during this period was the increased use of mechanization, with more and more manufacturers looking for the mechanization of their products.

Of course, as explained, the mechanization issue came to the industry in the late nineteenth century, and we said that the flagship used Ford’s mechanization, which was able to use mechanization technology for the first time in its production, and that an important part of technological change was in Of course, some special machine tools were used in some specific industries, and even before machine tools, which were mainly used to produce some specialty weapons or other specialized products.

 The machine used a special automatic control, which was especially used since the launch of the camera and the like. This kind of automatic control was usually used on some mechanical devices and it was designed as a plan on a wheel that caused an eccentric rotation or rebound to another wheel, or shaft and so on. Using these ideas, automated control systems were unveiled and developed using pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical devices.

During the same years and just when many countries were involved in the theme of World War II, Ford Motor Company introduced a new route to reduce production costs by using mechanical handling mechanisms between the transfer machines.

With the unveiling of this innovation, a new term was created in the industry: automation. By about 1950, the Cleveland engine plant was the first to use the automation industry seriously.

This automation was built for engine blocks, and its task was to mechanically manipulate the block inside and outside and between the machine blocks. In fact, in Ford’s production system, several separate transfer machines were used for a continuous system, and the new system was used continuously and connected in a new way. (American Machinist, pp. G-6-8.)

With all these conditions, we cannot call this system a fully automated system, because with all of these kinds of activities, there are still 4,500 people in the Ford plant, in the most automotive part of this automation, which was related to the block cylinder line, there were 36 operators and supervisors for each shift and a feedback mechanism, and eventually the engine did not automatically assemble, and it should be done manually.

Nevertheless, the system was used as an inspiration for the production of advanced engines around the world and all industries.

This kind of industrial automation, which focused on the automation of industrial processes, focused on the way the industrial activities were carried out using mechanical devices for the transfer of parts and work pieces from one device to another, without the use of hand, at a station or another machine and along with improved control   mechanisms in this work, improved mechanisms for the transportation of materials, goods and processes were known as Detroit Automation. At the very least, Detroit’s automation was used as a standard technology to achieve mass production in the entire engineering industry and in all industrialized countries.

However, the Detroit automation system was only used in the very large and wealthy industries, and the reason was quite clear, the implementation of this system required a very large investment, highly specialized and advanced machines were used and important Moreover, the implementation of this system required major and sometimes unimaginable changes in some industries, especially in the early years of its use, which only made it possible for large companies using standard parts and specific machines They could use it.

 Therefore, Detroit automation should be a technological base for mass production and economic activity throughout the steel and metallurgy industry.

But if we want to talk honestly, and in the future, we’ll definitely give further details, Detroit’s automation is actually starting to introduce the end-of-line system. With the launch of the Detroit Automation System from the mid-1950s, there were a lot of changes in the speed of production, the precision of production, the volume of production, and the degree of mechanization of transmission machines, which cannot be denied, and even in the past 5 to 10 years Extremely large steps have been taken to make the transmission machinery more flexible, but the most important technological advancement in the last thirty years has taken place in a completely different direction, which we will further explain in more detail.

The development of production technology in the field of metalworking continued until the 1970s and continued to improve and expand mass production methods until in the early 1950s, with the advent of a new trend in the production of this movement and development of a better and stronger trend And now it seems that this newer method has been recognized as the dominant method in the market: this change was nothing but the conventional control method of numerical control, and mechanical devices were slowly replaced by devices Electronic.

The main development of machine tools for the first time showed its low or average scale production, and its products, in lieu of being simple and standard parts, were mainly in their complex and non-standard parts.

Today, all machining operations of a numerical control device are fully automated, and we can only get different outputs by changing the media information of the device. With these changes, we can use the technology to produce small parts that were previously available to manipulators, and we can even automate these devices.

Although automated mechanical control machines have long been working economically, they were only for having large volumes of production, mainly because any change in their production schedules and their production time was time consuming, costly, heavy and therefore was not economical.

But with numerical control, you can easily and quickly create the required changes in devices, and achieve the desired result, and can easily be changed by changing only one piece of work automation. (Gebhardt & Hatzold, 1974, p. 24.)

In the intermediate field between automated machines (transmission machines) and conventional hand machines, numerically controlled (N C)         machine tools should be used.

At first, these machines will definitely be used to reduce the cost of testing and error with the development of numerical control, so that it can produce precision complicated components in conventional and manual machines.

One of the most prominent engineers and artisans of the era, John T. Parsons, received a blue-prints of Lockheed’s airplane for the United States Air Force that proposed the construction of a type of aircraft. (American Machinist, p.G-6.)

The aircraft actually had a different and new structure, making it a rugged, integrated wings that was crafted with special profiles made of aluminum slabs. Instead of being riveted on the metal skin of a plane, the plane was made up of a frame of individual gear and in a completely normal way. But there were no specifications for making these applications and their use for the aircraft, and this became the biggest problem as to how these parts would be produced with these precise specifications.

What was clear was that with the removal of excess material or even incorrect insertion, the wing of the aircraft was faced with a serious structural problem and could easily have been defeated and destroyed and lost a lot of resources. Went away Removing even the smallest parts of the airplane fins could have contributed to the collapse of the wings or the heavier plane of the plane, causing the aircraft to not fly at all, or to be very uncertain and inefficient.

Parson intended to use the idea previously used to make helicopter blades to build this type of aircraft, raising the issue with the US Air Force and getting them informed of their plans and getting them interested.

For the first time in his career, he pounded the aircraft’s coordinates on a crude computer, sending his data to the primary computer, and of course boring. The US Air Force loved her idea and bought the idea for him. This idea revealed new solutions that led to a series of extensive research projects at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on this idea in 1949 and ultimately led to the adaptation of these conventional machines for numerical control for use in military aircraft production.

Why numerical control in all industries was not generally used in the same years can be easily quoted by the fact that this technology means the use of numerical control developed exclusively at the very beginning of only large companies that Extremely complex sections with very precise defensive requirements were used and therefore not easily accessible to other companies.

Even in the 1980s, the use of NC tools in other manufacturing companies could only be seen on the basis of information available only in developed economies, which did not have a share of over 30%. (CEC, 1983, p. 18.), and 28.5 % in Sweden (according to author’s calculations based on data from Svenska Verktygsmaskintillverkares förening).). Even many small manufacturing companies were unable to understand that the use of advanced NC machines for the first time was used by large corporations and have been approved, and therefore, with a low volume, and with the use of these machines they did. Though not all of these reasons, there will surely be several other reasons.

In general, if we want to mention the advantages of numerically controlled machine tools in comparison to conventional manually operated machine tools, we can say the following.

• Numerical control tools save more human resources:

numerically controlled – machine tools could be more efficient than conventional machines if they were used in appropriate applications. For example, it can be explained that a one numerically controlled drilling machine could almost work three machines at a same time, a numerically controlled mill machine with the same output time of three conventional milling machines, or for example, in a processing center with a mill machine, the machine worked two mills that had a tedious and slow process. As a result, it was easy to reduce the number of manpower by half as much as the output, reducing the cost of it simultaneously.

• At the time of the machining, more savings were made:

in numerically controlled machines, the machine’s unemployment periods, which were turned off or idle during this period, and the components were prepared for finalization in another cycle of work preparation Following and ultimately measured, they are sharply reduced, because they do not require any fixtures, curve or even stencil of these devices and can eliminate the machine’s idle periods. The production of 10 identical pieces at different times certainly has much more to gain.

Moreover, most of the production of these ten pieces will not last as much as 10 pieces by hand tools, and the actual machining of numerical control devices is often less time-consuming than hand-held machines. In this process, another gain that will happen will certainly reduce the cost of production, while using numerically controlled machines can be saved in two forms at a time.

• Help to save much more on the accessories and tools that need: The longevity of the tools and accessories will be much greater when the automatic processes become uniform, which will also help companies to reduce costs.

• Improving and upgrading product quality: Using automatic positioning and control, product accuracy and product structure will go up far and errors are controlled more. When a product in the process of repeating the production reaches that grade of quality, it is rarely and hardly deviated from the work piece originally constructed.

• Much more rejects and waste reduction. By eliminating errors and measurement faults in the production operations that are usually performed by the operating personnel, and because signs such as fatigue signs or transmission errors with automatic machines do not exist It can easily be concluded that we will reduce rejects and waste to a great extent. In fact, the use of high precision automatic machines in uniform processing makes the production errors and mistakes less likely to go away to zero. In addition, with uniform processing and elimination of operational errors, you can save a lot of wear and tear.

• Reducing stockholding: By using an integrated production method and with automatic machines, production becomes more flexible, reduced the stockpiling of parts and components as well as the finished products to be made easier and more convenient.

• Possibility to produce complex, high-cost components: With the use of numerically controlled machines, it is possible to produce complex, cost-effective components. An issue that was previously handled or unavailable by the methods of operation or carried out with very low precision. This is one of the great advantages of numerically controlled machines. By using these machines, companies can make more custom-made models, with more changes tailored to customer requirements and demands, which will give them greater flexibility to produce, and ultimately increase their final customers and their higher satisfaction. (Gebhardt & Hatzold, pp. 24-5.)

The first time in 1952 was the commercial use of these machines. In 1955, a Chicago machine tool was used to control the counting by two numerically controlled lathes on display. Subsequently, in 1958, a numerically controlled multifunction device was created that could count the spindle cutting tools completely automatically.

 This industrial machine was in fact a machining center consisting of a combination of a milling machine, a boring machine and a drilling machine. This machine was able to do different operations on the piece by changing the tool in the rotation of the job instead of changing the part from one machine to another and using a central machine. (American Machinist, pp. G-6-16.)

In the early years of the use of numerical control machines, even in the early 1970’s, the use of this technology mainly served the production of small pieces of parts, generally less than 50 units in each category.

 But since the 1970s, the application of these machines has changed in the first place because firstly NC machines were manufactured with higher precision, larger and faster, which resulted in higher production capacity and higher car ownership rates, and secondly The ability to integrate NC devices into larger operating systems was achieved by using robots.

In the process, it was possible to change the tools and materials of handling devices the machine in NC machines more easily, making it possible for several NC devices to be connected to a larger system and simultaneously from multiple NC machines for a single The production process was used. In general, these materials or handling devices may include mechanical devices, automated drives, or industrial robots, and even all of these tools are used in combination

The robots were able to easily adapt to the new work orders and also have high reliability, and that’s why robots became one of the most essential parameters for integrated production systems.

In addition, numerical controllers also have more advanced and complex structures. Numerical control machines were at the beginning of the paper tape and later converted to integrated circuit control, and this progress was achieved by using a computer in the early 1970s as a computer numerical control (CNC) device in They came from a microcomputer that stored applications for the device and planted and managed the operating system with this microcomputer, and even a direct numerical control (DNC) managed multiple CNC machines simultaneously. This is the shape that connects these devices through a centralized minicomputer to the commands to these devices Gave.

Usually, at this time, a computer system known as a CNC system, a material management system that would probably be in the form of modern industrial robots, was a system change system and a central controller, as a flexible production system or FMS.

This system did exactly the job of a typical automatic production system (transmission machine), with the difference that FMS systems could be reprogrammed easily and simply more, and even these changes could take shape. The size of the parts used was either applied or different variations and operations were requested from the machine for the production of subsequent parts. Of course, one cannot ignore the fact that the computer system could simply connect to other computer systems inside the company and integrate the system.

For example, it was easy to design a product at a factory using computer design, CAD, or systems, and then draw maps or drawings directly into the computer manufacturing system (CAM) and put it at the disposal of the machine. And at any time, the changes that were needed were easy to apply in these designs and again gave the device orders or new maps. This made it possible for a computer manufacturing system to easily do a variety of products and designs, something rarely done with handheld systems in the world.

Today, there are only a handful of these types of systems in the world and they are working. However, the degree of flexibility of these devices or systems was added up to a decade ago and increased at a great rate and volume.

1.6    Take a look at the changes in the development of machine tools and some reflections in history

What is clear is the fundamental changes that have been made in the nature of technology over the years, especially in the last two centuries. In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, and by the middle of the nineteenth century, the development of a machine tool with inventions and the unveiling of different industrial machinery was combined and a large number of this industrial machine was built in these courses. But since the middle of the last century, companies began to build specialized machines related to their industrial field.

Until this time, the production of industrial machinery was mostly carried out by manufacturing companies more or less. (Rosenberg, 1963, pp. 417 -422.) At this time, the importance of interacting between machine tool manufacturers and users or manufacturing companies was high fundamental importance all along, and the development of the machine tool was greatly influenced by users.

Many of the machines used today make their general structure or shape in the middle of the nineteenth century. But since then, major changes have been made to industrial machine tools in the area of technological change, and these changes have played a large role in the development of machine tools.

Although the structure and form of the devices have not changed much, nevertheless, the technological changes that have occurred on the devices are very large changes that, if we want to consider it as a comparison with today’s machine, should use any modern machine tool Show with our 100-year-old ancestors.

The American machine tool manufacturing system, from the very beginning of which provided the strength of the US industry, was made by manufacturing interchangeable, specialized, standardization and, finally, using mechanization and mass production of machine tool development tools.

 The expansion of the mass production methods of the US winning leaf to the new industries in the second half of the nineteenth century, in a way that this privilege in mass production, led the United States to take technological leadership from the previously dominating, the Great Britain.

In the late twentieth century, the development of machine tools went towards industrial machines or separate machine tools, mainly based on the needs of customers and their desires from the devices.

However, there were still exceptions: as an example of a newly unveiled single-engine drive that uses a passenger shaft and pallet, or general tools that are used in general devices. It was also used in other machines. In response to the needs of specific users, in every industrial machine case, the machine became larger, more robust, and more precise. At the same time, many special machine tools were designed, some mechanics were made for custom machines or specialty products, and many machine tools were designed for high volume products.

But around the turn of the century, the emergence of the automobile industry gave rise to challenges of an entirely new order of magnitude. The automobile is a very complex product even today, and it certainly was complex then in comparison with earlier industrial goods.

At the same time, it was a consumer product which faced a potential mass market. Indeed, it was precise1y through the introduction of better production methods and machine tools that the automobile became a mass-produced good.

With the advent of the 20th century, with the advent of the automotive industry, there were many new challenges in terms of industrial production. The car production was one of the most sophisticated industrial products, an issue that continued to this day, and was not particularly easy to compare with other industries.

More importantly, the automobile was a consumable product, and it was well anticipated that it would be in high demand. In order to meet the high demand, better manufacturing techniques and precision machine tools were unveiled in order to turn this production into mass production.

Henry Ford has made great strides in this area and has been able to significantly reduce the cost of car production, which has led to a significant increase in demand for vehicles by developing more advanced machinery and reducing vehicle costs. The car had a lot of complexity, and this made various machinery needed for its production. The car production line not only made the machine more advanced and more precise, but also made the machine more creative, because the pressure to raise the interest rate required a greater tolerance of the car in the face of bumpers and blows imported into the car, the need The mechanization of vehicle equipment and so on increased.

In order to meet this need, not only the automotive vehicle industry, but also the many other tools of the other industries, also evolved. The high volume of the market and the high impact of technology on production caused the economy and industry to undergo a lot of changes. At the very least, industries that were engineered and developed for automotive production were also found in other parts of the industry and expanded.

However, the effects that technology production in the automotive industry left should not be limited to the significant progress in individual machines. This technology has a great impact on the organization of industrial production have left, because such an advanced assembly line and of course faster requires better tools and more efficient was also in the assembly line requires better way to control and coordinate, there was also a complex production complex, each operating at a high speed.

For this reason, the experts and scientists began to work and they tested various ways to design and produce a system that rather than carry out all of these activities in isolation and separation, could do all this process as a stand-alone machine.

Finally, using various methods, the American system was unveiled as a successful and influential system in the industry. The system, which introduced the United States as the technological leader of the world for its great success, put a lot of emphasis on expertise, standardization and mass production. This American system made it possible to realize the ideas of mechanization and mass production more than ever, and to go together in a mixed and interconnected way.

Without any doubt, the development of manufacturing technology in the automotive industry made the need for mass production more felt and the high degree of automation of the industry became a necessity. The isolation of automation from mass production also required the unveiling of a new technology called numerical control.

The nature of the numerical control device provided this output to the industry, which could provide very complex components with a high degree of precision and could easily plan the NC machine. In particular, the ability to program these machines was a great idea to run, so that these devices could be an ideal choice for the production of all types of components, each of which was produced in small batches.

One of the great merits of these numerical control machines was that they could have plenty of one piece, for example, more than a hundred units of a piece at a much cheaper speed, accuracy, and price than other industrial tools such as Specially designed machines that did not have particular flexibility or series machines such as transmission lines. Even today, for very small or specific products, the best and cheapest way to use these numerical control machines is to replace the conventional machinery with skilled labor.

Nowadays it is possible to easily convert data directly from a drawing or designing as a toolkit for machine tools with computer design or even computer manufacturing. For this reason, today it’s easy to design and manufacture very complex and specialized components for the machine, and at a much cheaper price than NC machines, these parts are manufactured with great care.

In the same vein, the use of industrial robots is taking place in place of mechanical devices, which easily connect different machines and make the machine much more flexible with NC tools. Perhaps over two-thirds of the products manufactured in the engineering industry in size and categories are very suitable for NC machines by the same numerical control tools that are both potentially and actual as one of the most important economic dimensions in countries

With the introduction of new technology, numerically controlled instruments, though changing rapidly and rapidly entering the industry, reduced production costs dramatically, but it also sought new markets for some industries. Why was it not possible for this machining to be smooth and tight wings without numerical control, could such economic gains be possible? What would happen without such a technology in the jet airline industry?

In addition, if the subject was not very precise in shaving, twisting, drilling, etc., it was not clear that the gains in space were so significant, and in fact, numerical control machines would lead to achievements.

Regardless of the capabilities that numerical control tools have provided, but generally speaking, the bulk of the benefits of these machines would return to the nature or nature of an organization. Further explanation is that these numerical control tools, for example, have a common task for cutting metal, and this cut is not essentially different in two devices, and therefore the numerical control tools in a production are basically with what else in a production or even in a machine The simple thing done is not so different.

But with these devices it was easy to create two-way interaction between design and production, it was easy to apply quick changes or design, it simply can be done with a variety of parts, with debugging and There were different sizes on the device, and many other benefits that were not previously available in industrial machines or were not so flexible. The black car and the white refrigerator is over a long time.

Today, the game has changed, and products all need a lot of product diversity and quick response to the different and growing needs of different customers, the market is changing every day, products must be massive as the world’s population is growing, and this is the same The reason for old industrial devices and tools cannot answer this volume of changes and requests. (American Maehinist, p. I-l.)

1. Present Development  Trends
2. lFlexibility vs. Economies of Scale

In this paper, we have conducted an unprecedented analysis of the changes that have taken place in the industry throughout history, and after studying this research, the following fundamental question arises:

Is scale economic importance less than the flexibility of the industry? What is the meaning of the analogy between the economic scale and the economic scope in the industry?

Let’s start by discussing why the scale of economics might be less important. If a person wants to produce a particular piece in a year, at a rate of 200,000 or more, then the only way to do this is to use the same method, rather than using a special or dedicated line of his own, which is transfer line.

However, if we assume that for some reason there may be a need to change the design of a product or part of it, and these changes are large and fundamental, such as changing the size or size, or creating a cavity or a cut, etc. In a different and structurally different part, if the changes are large enough and different, then the best way is to buy a new line transfer or make one of the old tools.

 It should be remembered that in the old industrial machines only very minor changes could be made, for example, changing the head or instrument of a device, including the changes that were made on these devices. But the same minor changes in old machines also needed to shut down the production line for almost a long time and manually, and ultimately, quality was not as good as what we intended.

Now, let’s suppose that we need at least 200,000 unit of one pieces in the same year in optimism. If we want to work with the transmission line, we have to spend a lot of time each year to open and close the device, and it’s also a dedicated device and cannot do all the tasks.

We want to do it simultaneously and we must have other devices, which means we are not just missing out on a lot of things, but we have to make a lot of capital and, finally, gaining less profit, because it’s probably We could not produce 200,000 numbers.

Now consider whether a one company intends to produce a series of similar pieces of a large volume over a year; these pieces have a rather different structure, although they are of a family, for example, a set of pieces that are generally similar but they are different in size and shape.

In this case, the individual for the group of 5,000 pieces is required for the A group, 20,000 for the B group, 50,000 for the group C, and 1000 for the group D. None of these pieces with this number in one year will be produced by dedicated devices.

In order to produce this variety of products with this large number, we need a set of machines that can be easily programmed and simply start with a switch change at the next step speed and change. All of this set of cars is easily and simply carried out on a numerical control machine, and this kind of production is just one of the routine programs of a numerical control machine.

More interestingly, it can easily equip a numerical control machine with some transportation systems or other tools and equipment, or, if the need for a higher variety of products, can have several different numerical control machines in a production unit Took In this case, each numerical control machine can be programmed to carry out a series of activities or products, and will increase the production speed even more, and even add some of these numerical control devices to a punch bar or other device.

In this case, if these activities were to be carried out with a transfer machine, each device could only perform an operation in the best and most optimistic conditions at one time, which would have resulted in much more time to get the finished part than on a transfer line.

But using a numerical control machine, it can easily be produced at much lower rates, based on the number of requirements, with a high degree of flexibility and a much higher speed than the transmission device. In the numerical control machine, even if you change the design of all parts, even with the introduction of a new production manual, it can only change the design of parts in computer programs for the car.

Using a numerical control machine, you can easily create and manage all components from A to D in a single device with different schedules. In this case, if all the required components are produced and the remaining time allows us to easily use the device for other products.

In this case, the output volume is firstly beyond the output produced by a dedicated device, and secondly, the output volume is much cheaper in terms of cost and price than the products produced by NC or conventional machines.

But there are still some uncertainties about what kind of technology will be completed by what? We have already explained that, in recent years, some manufacturers of transmission machines have made some changes to these machines to meet the needs of customers and mass production, making them more flexible, such as the development of devices that change the tool or the head It will make it easier, if done well, it will make it possible to produce small changes in a family with a single unit at a high speed. In the same way, the NC machines also have changes. Such as increasing the cutting speed, increasing spindles, more power and discharge devices, and so on which has made these devices much better than ever before.

Let’s go back to our previous question, and this is why the scale of the economy may be less important, with the above explanations, there will be no doubt that the answer will be related to the concept of flexibility in the production process. The explanation is that it is hard to do with a dedicated machine to produce high flexibility and speed, and to achieve a large volume of production from a large production plan.

However, it should not be forgotten that the volume of production is not primarily determined by the manufacturer, and factors such as the type of product and the market also have a direct influence on determining this volume of production.

When a manufacturer decides to produce less volume than a competitor in their market, and uses more flexible devices to produce these parts, they may be more productive and, Put it in its rivals. When we examine this in the long run, we will see that the market growth rate and its stability are the main determinant of the competitive characteristics of the market. Today we see that American manufacturing companies that operate large domestic markets are often forced to produce more large-scale production, with less attention to flexibility, and contrary to these, their foreign rivals focus more on flexibility.

At first glance, American companies will have more advantages because of the speed of market demand and the growth and stability of parts, but when the market needs flexibility and different parts require some kind of inconsistency or instability in the market, there they cannot compete with their foreign rivals.

At present, in large and small productions, there is some sort of shift towards technology convergence, which suggests that in the future, the choice of technology will be significantly less dependent on scale, a topic that has been hugely seen to this day. . We will also see in the future that internationalization of markets will make the scale as a feature of companies, not the characteristics of nations.

As a result, what we will witness in international competitions will be different from today, and the factors mentioned are considered as important factors in trying to understand these changes in international competition.

  Reasons for the Need for Greater Flexibility:

Whether or not the tradeoff at the same time between the two criteria of scale and flexibility is going to change, and therefore the need for secularity seems to be highly felt for greater flexibility in production. In general, the following reasons can be considered for the need for this flexibility:

• The type and character of the competition has changed much more in the last decade. Markets have moved towards internationalization, which means there can be no more competition. It can even be said that the number of competitors in the internationalization of markets and competitions is much less because some competitors have to use old-fashioned goods that do not have the quality and, with the internationalization of markets, their access to commodities Quality requirements become more comfortable.

What is clear is that the type of competition has changed. For example, we can easily see these changes and the type of competition in the car industry tool easily. Looking at the machine industry, we see that these changes are more visible on the side of flexibility, although these changes are seen not only in the machine tool, but also in a very large group of manufactured goods.

Today we see that foreign companies often compete with foreign rivals, a topic that was never before there, or much less. Similarly, European companies have turned to non-European markets and are trying to export their products to Japan and the Far East or other countries.

As a result, we see a new element in America and Western Europe: competitors with completely different cost structures and businesses with completely different paths. These competitions have brought good results and we see that the products offered in the market are divided into many types and their range is very high. The existence of different products has caused customers to face a lot of discrimination in their purchases and have to choose between a varieties of choices.

In these markets, what makes their products more sought after and more successful in their sales than their competitors is their technical competence. But if a manufacturer can add more features to his products, or use more standard equipment in his products or produce more diverse products, he will definitely encounter more significant market expansion.

In this case, a production can produce more of a short-time production from a family of components, instead of producing a very large piece of a single unit. The idea is that the variety of features in a product will require the flexibility of the production equipment, and the greater the flexibility, the higher the ability to produce.

• Another competitive outcome of the markets will be to reduce product life cycles as product quality may be overshadowed. For this reason, the manufacturer has to constantly review and modify his product designs in order to increase product longevity. For both organizations and machines, it is important to have the ability to change design, or flexibility.

• Another dimension of market competition and internationalization is that the profitability of companies has declined, and in fact companies have been forced to reduce the amount of capital employed in their operations in order to control their profitability. This is not the result of an increase in capital inflows.

Usually in companies and engineering industries, 50 to 60 percent of their operational capital is related to raw materials, processed goods, and goods, and 40 to 50 percent are related to plant, equipment and accounts.

With this competitive market, the decline in investment has become one of the goals of corporate profitability. Because optimum inventory is important over time and cost to re-generate, using more flexible equipment with a much lower inventory can be used to produce finished goods for participation.

The same reasons make customers want to maintain their inventory. It reduces the number of parts used and, on the contrary, increases the order of frequency, which means that the manufacturer must pay more attention to the manufacturer’s flexibility in the production equipment and the entire production process for this purpose.

Overall, the interest rate has risen sharply over recent years, which has led to a dramatic reduction in the capital used in the production process.